UNIT 08 Optics

Character	Entity	Decimal	Hex	Rendering in Your Browser
Character	Entity	Decimal	Hex	Entity	Decimal	Hex
Latin small f with hook = function = florin	&fnof;	ƒ	ƒ	ƒ	ƒ	ƒ
Greek capital letter alpha	Α	Α	Α	Α	Α	Α
Greek capital letter beta	Β	Β	Β	Β	Β	Β
Greek capital letter gamma	Γ	Γ	Γ	Γ	Γ	Γ
Greek capital letter delta	Δ	Δ	Δ	Δ	Δ	Δ
Greek capital letter epsilon	Ε	Ε	Ε	Ε	Ε	Ε
Greek capital letter zeta	Ζ	Ζ	Ζ	Ζ	Ζ	Ζ
Greek capital letter eta	Η	Η	Η	Η	Η	Η
Greek capital letter theta	Θ	Θ	Θ	Θ	Θ	Θ
Greek capital letter iota	Ι	Ι	Ι	Ι	Ι	Ι
Greek capital letter kappa	Κ	Κ	Κ	Κ	Κ	Κ
Greek capital letter lambda	Λ	Λ	Λ	Λ	Λ	Λ
Greek capital letter mu	Μ	Μ	Μ	Μ	Μ	Μ
Greek capital letter nu	Ν	Ν	Ν	Ν	Ν	Ν
Greek capital letter xi	Ξ	Ξ	Ξ	Ξ	Ξ	Ξ
Greek capital letter omicron	Ο	Ο	Ο	Ο	Ο	Ο
Greek capital letter pi	Π	Π	Π	Π	Π	Π
Greek capital letter rho	Ρ	Ρ	Ρ	Ρ	Ρ	Ρ
Greek capital letter sigma	Σ	Σ	Σ	Σ	Σ	Σ
Greek capital letter tau	Τ	Τ	Τ	Τ	Τ	Τ
Greek capital letter upsilon	Υ	Υ	Υ	Υ	Υ	Υ
Greek capital letter phi	Φ	Φ	Φ	Φ	Φ	Φ
Greek capital letter chi	Χ	Χ	Χ	Χ	Χ	Χ
Greek capital letter psi	Ψ	Ψ	Ψ	Ψ	Ψ	Ψ
Greek capital letter omega	Ω	Ω	Ω	Ω	Ω	Ω
Greek small letter alpha	α	α	α	α	α	α
Greek small letter beta	β	β	β	β	β	β
Greek small letter gamma	γ	γ	γ	γ	γ	γ
Greek small letter delta	δ	δ	δ	δ	δ	δ
Greek small letter epsilon	ε	ε	ε	ε	ε	ε
Greek small letter zeta	ζ	ζ	ζ	ζ	ζ	ζ
Greek small letter eta	η	η	η	η	η	η
Greek small letter theta	θ	θ	θ	θ	θ	θ
Greek small letter iota	ι	ι	ι	ι	ι	ι
Greek small letter kappa	κ	κ	κ	κ	κ	κ
Greek small letter lambda	λ	λ	λ	λ	λ	λ
Greek small letter mu	μ	μ	μ	μ	μ	μ
Greek small letter nu	ν	ν	ν	ν	ν	ν
Greek small letter xi	ξ	ξ	ξ	ξ	ξ	ξ
Greek small letter omicron	ο	ο	ο	ο	ο	ο
Greek small letter pi	π	π	π	π	π	π
Greek small letter rho	ρ	ρ	ρ	ρ	ρ	ρ
Greek small letter final sigma	&sigmaf;	ς	ς	ς	ς	ς
Greek small letter sigma	σ	σ	σ	σ	σ	σ
Greek small letter tau	τ	τ	τ	τ	τ	τ
Greek small letter upsilon	υ	υ	υ	υ	υ	υ
Greek small letter phi	φ	φ	φ	φ	φ	φ
Greek small letter chi	χ	χ	χ	χ	χ	χ
Greek small letter psi	ψ	ψ	ψ	ψ	ψ	ψ
Greek small letter omega	ω	ω	ω	ω	ω	ω
Greek small letter theta symbol	&thetasym;	ϑ	ϑ	ϑ	ϑ	ϑ
Greek upsilon with hook symbol	&upsih;	ϒ	ϒ	ϒ	ϒ	ϒ
Greek pi symbol	ϖ	ϖ	ϖ	ϖ	ϖ	ϖ
bullet = black small circle	•	•	•	•	•	•
horizontal ellipsis = three dot leader	…	…	…	…	…	…
prime = minutes = feet	′	′	′	′	′	′
double prime = seconds = inches	″	″	″	″	″	″
overline = spacing overscore	&oline;	‾	‾	‾	‾	‾
fraction slash	&frasl;	⁄	⁄	⁄	⁄	⁄
script capital P = power set = Weierstrass p	&weierp;	℘	℘	℘	℘	℘
blackletter capital I = imaginary part	&image;	ℑ	ℑ	ℑ	ℑ	ℑ
blackletter capital R = real part symbol	&real;	ℜ	ℜ	ℜ	ℜ	ℜ
trade mark sign	™	™	™	™	™	™
alef symbol = first transfinite cardinal	&alefsym;	ℵ	ℵ	ℵ	ℵ	ℵ
leftwards arrow	←	←	←	←	←	←
upwards arrow	↑	↑	↑	↑	↑	↑
rightwards arrow	→	→	→	→	→	→
downwards arrow	↓	↓	↓	↓	↓	↓
left right arrow	↔	↔	↔	↔	↔	↔
downwards arrow with corner leftwards = carriage return	&crarr;	↵	↵	↵	↵	↵
leftwards double arrow	⇐	⇐	⇐	⇐	⇐	⇐
upwards double arrow	&uArr;	⇑	⇑	⇑	⇑	⇑
rightwards double arrow	⇒	⇒	⇒	⇒	⇒	⇒
downwards double arrow	&dArr;	⇓	⇓	⇓	⇓	⇓
left right double arrow	⇔	⇔	⇔	⇔	⇔	⇔
for all	∀	∀	∀	∀	∀	∀
partial differential	∂	∂	∂	∂	∂	∂
there exists	∃	∃	∃	∃	∃	∃
empty set = null set = diameter	∅	∅	∅	∅	∅	∅
nabla = backward difference	∇	∇	∇	∇	∇	∇
element of	∈	∈	∈	∈	∈	∈
not an element of	∉	∉	∉	∉	∉	∉
contains as member	&ni;	∋	∋	∋	∋	∋
n-ary product = product sign	∏	∏	∏	∏	∏	∏
n-ary sumation	∑	∑	∑	∑	∑	∑
minus sign	−	−	−	−	−	−
asterisk operator	&lowast;	∗	∗	∗	∗	∗
square root = radical sign	√	√	√	√	√	√
proportional to	&prop;	∝	∝	∝	∝	∝
infinity	∞	∞	∞	∞	∞	∞
angle	&ang;	∠	∠	∠	∠	∠
logical and = wedge	&and;	∧	∧	∧	∧	∧
logical or = vee	&or;	∨	∨	∨	∨	∨
intersection = cap	∩	∩	∩	∩	∩	∩
union = cup	∪	∪	∪	∪	∪	∪
integral	∫	∫	∫	∫	∫	∫
therefore	&there4;	∴	∴	∴	∴	∴
tilde operator = varies with = similar to	&sim;	∼	∼	∼	∼	∼
approximately equal to	&cong;	≅	≅	≅	≅	≅
almost equal to = asymptotic to	≈	≈	≈	≈	≈	≈
not equal to	≠	≠	≠	≠	≠	≠
identical to	&equiv;	≡	≡	≡	≡	≡
less-than or equal to	≤	≤	≤	≤	≤	≤
greater-than or equal to	≥	≥	≥	≥	≥	≥
subset of	⊂	⊂	⊂	⊂	⊂	⊂
superset of	⊃	⊃	⊃	⊃	⊃	⊃
not a subset of	&nsub;	⊄	⊄	⊄	⊄	⊄
subset of or equal to	&sube;	⊆	⊆	⊆	⊆	⊆
superset of or equal to	&supe;	⊇	⊇	⊇	⊇	⊇
circled plus = direct sum	&oplus;	⊕	⊕	⊕	⊕	⊕
circled times = vector product	&otimes;	⊗	⊗	⊗	⊗	⊗
up tack = orthogonal to = perpendicular	&perp;	⊥	⊥	⊥	⊥	⊥
dot operator	⋅	⋅	⋅	⋅	⋅	⋅
left ceiling = APL upstile	&lceil;	⌈	⌈	⌈	⌈	⌈
right ceiling	&rceil;	⌉	⌉	⌉	⌉	⌉
left floor = APL downstile	&lfloor;	⌊	⌊	⌊	⌊	⌊
right floor	&rfloor;	⌋	⌋	⌋	⌋	⌋
left-pointing angle bracket = bra	&lang;	〈	〈	⟨	〈	〈
right-pointing angle bracket = ket	&rang;	〉	〉	⟩	〉	〉
lozenge	&loz;	◊	◊	◊	◊	◊
black spade suit	&spades;	♠	♠	♠	♠	♠
black club suit = shamrock	&clubs;	♣	♣	♣	♣	♣
black heart suit = valentine	&hearts;	♥	♥	♥	♥	♥
black diamond suit	&diams;	♦	♦	♦	♦	♦